CNS vs PNS
review the parts of a neuron (neurone)
    dendrites
    cell body or soma
    axon and its collaterals
gray matter vs white matter
nucleus
ganglion
tract, pathway
nerves, roots

(most of the following come from the introductory reading in studyguide)
spinal vertebrae
5 levels of the spinal cord with 31 pairs of spinal nerves
    cervical
    thoracic
    lumbar
    sacral
    coccygeal (not named in reading -31st pair of nerves connects here)
each nerve formed by joining of these:
    dorsal root (the sensory or afferent part of the nerve)
    ventral root (the motor or efferent part of the nerve)
spinal reflexes mediated by these nerves (see figure in reading)
There are also 12 pairs of cranial nerves which connect to brain rather than cord

The Brain - From Bottom to Top
brainstem
    hindbrain
        medulla (aka myelencephalon or rear-most portion of hindbrain)
        pons
            reticular formation (extends through all levels of brain stem)
                ascending reticular activating system
                descending reticular formation
        cerebellum
        (pons and cerebellum together aka metencephalon - the front-most portion of hindbrain)
    midbrain (aka mesencephalon)
        the sensory portion of midbrain
            superior colliculus
            inferior colliculus
        the motor portion of midrbrain
            substantia nigra (not named in reading - area related to Parkinson's disease)

forebrain
    hypothalamus
        pituitary gland (connected to and controlled by hypothalamus)
    thalamus
    (hypothalamus and thalamus are parts of the diencephalon; the remaining forebrain structures below are telencephalon)
    basal ganglia system
    limbic system
        hippocampus
        amygdala
    right and left cerebral hemispheres
        longitudinal fissure or sulcus (not named in reading - space between 2 hemispheres)
        corpus callosum
        cortex
            gyrus (plural = gyri) vs sulcus (plural = sulci)
            frontal lobe
                primary motor area of cortex ("precentral gyrus")
                central sulcus
            parietal lobe
                somatosensory area of cortex ("postcentral gyrus")
        `   occipital lobe
                visual area of cortex
            temporal lobe
                auditory area of cortex
                lateral fissure or sulcus
    higher level or association areas of cortex
 
imaging techniques (see web-links and studyguide)
    CAT or CT scan
    MNR scan
    PET scan
    SPECT scan
    fMNR scan

cranial fossae
    anterior
    middle
    posterior
foramina (opening in skull for nerves or brainstem/cord to pass through)
meninges (touched on in Chap 1, continued in Chap 5)
    dura mater
        outer layer (periosteum of skull)
        inner or meningeal layer
    dural septum (plural = septa) or partition
        falx cerebri
        tentorium cerebelli
    dural venous sinus
    arachnoid mater
        subarachnoid space
        cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
        surface blood vessels supplying brain
        subarachnoid cisterms
    pia mater
clinical applications:
    meningioma
    epidural anesthesia vs spinal/intrathecal anesthesia
    lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
meningitis
    causes; who is most at risk
    viral meningitis
    bacterial meningitis
        Hib related meningitis and vaccine
        meningococcal meningitis and meningococcal sepsis; problems with meningococcal vaccine
    symptoms
        Kernig's sign
        Brudzinski's sign
    dangers and possible aftereffects
    treatment

ventricular system (touched on in Chap 1, continued in Chap 6)
    2 lateral ventricles
    interventricular foramina
    third ventricle
    cerebral aqueduct
    fourth ventricle
    1 median and 2 lateral apertures or foramina
    subarachnoid space
    central canal of cord
    choroid plexus
    circulation path of CSF
    arachnoid villi or granulations into dural sinus
hydrocephalus
    noncommunicating
    communicating
    symptoms in infant (flexible skull) vs adult
    signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
    treatment/prevention
    "normal pressure" hydrocephalus
    hydrocephalus ex vacuo

traumatic brain injury (TBI)
concussion
contusion
coup vs contrecoup injuries
laceration or penetrating injury
closed-head injury (CHI) vs open head injury
hemorrhages
    epidural or extradural hematoma
    subdural hematoma
    subarachnoid bleeding
    intracerebral hematoma
edema (swelling) of brain
increased incranial pressure (ICP)
herniation of brain tissue
loss of consciousness (LOC)
coma (light and deep)
    Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (in study guide)
    persistent vegetative state
    vs locked-in syndrome
possible post-traumatic sequelae (aftereffects)
    meningitis if skull was opened
    post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)
    post-traumatic epilepsy
    post-traumatic hydrocephalus
    post-traumatic dementia or cognitive decline
        "punch-drunk syndrome" (dementia pugilistica)