CNS vs PNS
review the parts of a neuron (neurone)
dendrites
cell body or soma
axon and its collaterals
gray matter vs white matter
nucleus
ganglion
tract, pathway
nerves, roots
(most of the following come from the introductory reading)
spinal vertebrae
5 levels of the spinal cord with 31 pairs of spinal nerves
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal (not named in reading -31st pair of
nerves connects here)
each nerve formed by joining of these:
dorsal root (the sensory or afferent part of
the nerve)
ventral root (the motor or efferent part of the
nerve)
There are also 12 pairs of cranial nerves which connect to brain
rather than cord
The Brain - From Bottom to Top
brainstem
hindbrain
medulla (aka
myelencephalon or rear-most portion of hindbrain)
pons
reticular formation (extends through all levels of brain stem)
ascending
reticular
activating system
descending
reticular
formation
cerebellum
(pons and cerebellum
together aka metencephalon - the front-most portion of hindbrain)
midbrain (aka mesencephalon)
the sensory portion of
midbrain
superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
the motor portion of
midrbrain
substantia nigra (not named in reading - area related to
Parkinson's disease)
forebrain
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
(connected to and controlled by hypothalamus)
thalamus
(hypothalamus and thalamus are parts of the
diencephalon; the remaining forebrain structures below are
telencephalon)
basal ganglia system
limbic system
hippocampus
amygdala
right and left cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure or
sulcus (not named in reading - space between 2 hemispheres)
corpus callosum
cortex
gyrus (plural = gyri) vs sulcus (plural = sulci)
frontal lobe
primary
motor
area of cortex ("precentral gyrus")
central sulcus
parietal lobe
somatosensory
area
of cortex ("postcentral gyrus")
` occipital
lobe
visual
area
of cortex
temporal lobe
auditory
area
of cortex
lateral
fissure
or sulcus
higher level or association areas of cortex
imaging techniques (see web-links)
CAT or CT scan
MRI scan
PET scan
fMRI scan
cranial fossae
anterior
cribriform plate
middle
hypophyseal fossa
posterior
foramina (openings in skull for nerves or brainstem/cord to pass
through)
foramen magnum
foraminal syndromes (what does this term mean)
meninges (touched on in Chap 1, continued in Chap 5)
dura mater
outer layer (periosteum
of skull)
inner or meningeal
layer
dural septum (plural = septa) or partition
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
dural venous sinus
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)
surface blood vessels
supplying brain
subarachnoid cisterms
pia mater
clinical applications:
meningioma
epidural anesthesia vs spinal/intrathecal
anesthesia
lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
meningitis
symptoms,causes; who is most at risk
viral meningitis
bacterial meningitis
Hib related meningitis
and vaccine
meningococcal
meningitis and meningococcal sepsis; problems with meningococcal
vaccine
symptoms
Kernig's sign
Brudzinski's sign
dangers and possible aftereffects
treatment
other things that might inflame meninges
ventricular system (touched on in Chap 1, continued in Chap 6)
2 lateral ventricles
interventricular foramina
third ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
fourth ventricle
1 median and 2 lateral apertures or foramina
subarachnoid space
central canal of cord
choroid plexus
circulation path of CSF
arachnoid villi or granulations into dural
sinus
hydrocephalus
noncommunicating
communicating
symptoms in infant (flexible skull) vs adult
signs of increased or raised intracranial
pressure (ICP)
treatment/prevention
"normal pressure" hydrocephalus
hydrocephalus ex vacuo
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
concussion
contusion
coup vs contrecoup injuries
laceration or penetrating injury
closed-head injury (CHI) vs open head injury
"space-occupying lesions"
hemorrhages
epidural or extradural hematoma
subdural hematoma
subarachnoid bleeding
intracerebral hematoma
edema (swelling) of brain
increased incranial pressure (ICP)
herniation of brain tissue (different locations for herniation)
"benign intracranial hypertension" or "pseudotumor cerebri"
basal skull fracture
"raccoon eyes"
"Battle's sign"
otorrhea
rhinorhea
loss of consciousness (LOC)
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (in study guide)
possible post-traumatic sequelae (aftereffects)
meningitis if skull was opened
post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)
post-traumatic epilepsy
post-traumatic hydrocephalus
post-traumatic dementia or cognitive decline
old term: "punch-drunk
syndrome" (dementia pugilistica) new term: chronic traumatic
encephalopathy (CTE)
1 cause of TBI in infants - shaken baby syndrome
the cells of the nervous system (touched on in Chap 1, continued
in Chap 2)
variations in neuron size, shape and function
basic neurotransmitters (see transmitter studyguide) and receptor
sites
example of a
neurotransmitter related disorders:
myasthenia gravis (see study guide)
autoimmune disorders
neuromuscular junction
acetylcholinesterase
anti-cholinesterase
drugs
Tensilon (edrophonium)
test
black widow spider bites
botulism and effects of botulinum neurotoxins
how toxin affects
neuromuscular junction
therapeutic uses of
Botox
anti-cholinesterase "nerve gas or nerve agents"
astrocytes/astroglia
oligodendrocyte or oligodendroglia vs. Schwann cell
microglia
ependymal cells
myelin sheath and the functioning of the axon
nodes of Ranvier
examples of glia-related disorders:
multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre Syndrome (know
characteristics, cause, symptoms, treatment, differences between
these 2 conditions)
demylelination
other glia related terms of clinical significance:
gliosis--> gliotic scars
glioma and other kinds of brain tumors (see
study guide)
astrocytoma
glioblastoma
oligodendroglioma
lymphoma
ependymoma
other "invaders" of the nervous system
prions
Creutzfeld-Jakob
Disease (CJD)
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) (Mad Cow Disease)
Chronic Wasting Disease in Deer?
bacteria
Lyme Disease
(cause, symptoms, risks,
treatment)
viral encephalitis
fungal infection of the brain