Studylist for Chapter 6 and Lecture
Basic forms of learning (conditioning)
Associative learning - brain automatically registers things that
occur close together in time (learned associations)
Classical conditioning - Ivan Pavlov
neutral stimulus (NS)
unconditioned stimulus (US)
("unconditioned" means it did not have to be learned - body responds
reflexively to this stimulus with no previous experience)
unconditioned response (UR) (the built-in
reflexive response to the US - again, this biological response did
not have to be learned)
conditioned stimulus (CS) stimulus which only
comes to trigger a response because of learning
conditioned response (CR) learned response to the
CS
Terms describing this type of learning/conditioning
acquisition or initial associative learning
generalization of the learning to other similar stimuli
stimulus discrimination - learning that some stimuli should not
trigger a response
extinction - disappearance or loss of the learned response
spontaneous recovery - the reappearance of a learned response that
had disappeared/extinguished
higher order conditioning
examples of classical conditioning
conditioned emotional response (Watson)
conditioned physiological responses
conditioned responses to images or sounds
Operant Conditioning and Cognitive Learning)
Edward Thorndike, his puzzle box and his "law of effect"
Operant conditioning; BF Skinner
operant chamber or Skinner box
systematic investigation of the impact of "consequences" on behavior
Reinforcement
positive vs negative reinforcement
primary vs secondary reinforcers
positive vs negative punishment
primary vs secondary punishers
disadvantages of the use of punishment
ways of modifying behavior without using physical punishment
behavior modification
Shaping a response using reinforcment, contingencies, schedules of
reinforcement
continuous reinforcement - reinforcing every correct response
alternative to continuous reinforcement: partial reinforcement or
"schedules of reinforcement"
fixed ratio (FR)
variable ratio (VR)
fixed interval (FI)
variable interval (VI)
Acquisition, generalization, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
higher order conditioning terms can also be applied to operant
conditioning situations
Cognitive learning
"Latent Learning" and Cognitive maps (Tolman)
Insight learning (Kohler)
Observational or social learning (Bandura)
Biological basis for imitation of a model - mirror neurons