drug
pharmacology
psychoactive drug
psychopharmacology
placebo and placebo effect
conscience clause/right to refuse vs patient's rights/obligation
to fill
pharmacokinetics
administration
pros and cons of the
following routes of administration:
oral
first pass metabolism
new development: "prodrugs"
inhalation
rectal
parenteral/injection
(intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous)
topical/transdermal
through
mucous membranes (nasal, sublingual, buccal)
absorption into bloodstream and factors
affecting it
food-drug interactions
affecting absorption
the grapefruit juice effect
distribution and factors affecting it, such
as:
solubility of drug
drug
binding to blood proteins
membrane
barriers
blood-brain
barrier
placental
barrier
"first-pass"
metabolism of drugs
drug action (see neurotransmitter section) =
pharmacodynamics
metabolism
by liver
CYP P450
enzymes and why they're important to know about
elimination
by kidney
other routes of elimination
drug time course and factors which affect it
drug half-life and how to calculate how much drug is left in body
at different times
"therapeutic window"
dose-response relationship and the ways it is graphed
threshold dose
maximum effect peak or plateau
potency
efficacy or effectiveness
median effective dose (ED50)
lethal dose (LD50)
therapeutic index (LD50/ED50)
safety margin(LD1/ED99)
variability in individual response
things that can change the dose-response relationship
1)Drug - Drug Interactions (example?)
additive interaction
potentiating interaction
synergistic interaction
antagonistic interaction
alteration of side effects
2)Drug- Food Interactions (example?)
3) tolerance
metabolic tolerance
cellular-adaptive or pharmacodynamic or tissue tolerance
behavioral tolerance or conditioned tolerance
cross-tolerance
tolerance vs dependence
physical dependence
abstinence or withdrawal syndrome
cross-dependence
other factors affecting response to drug(gender, weight, setting,
expectancy, health, age, and many others)
desired effect vs "side effects"
adverse reactions
allergic reactions/hypersensitivity
anaphylaxsis
idiosyncratic responses
signs of drug distress
dangers of street drugs
DAWN statistics
Drug Names
chemical
generic
brand
street/popular
Generic/Brand Name equivalence
chemical equivalence
biological equivalence
central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sympathetic division
parasympathetic division
brain areas to be familiar with to understand drug effects:
medulla
reticular formation or reticular activating system
cerebellum
hypothalamus
limbic system (hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus)
reward/pleasure system
nucleus accumbens
basal ganglia/extrapyramidal motor system
cortex (cerebrum)
neuron or nerve cell
dendrites
cell body or soma
axon
axon terminals
nerve impulse
synapse
chemical transmission
synaptics vesicles
synaptic cleft or gap or synapse
neurotransmitters
receptors or receptor sites
presynaptic membrane (axon)
postsynaptic membrane (dendrite)
normal chemical processes in neurons (synthesis of transmitter, storage of transmitter, release of transmitter)
ways of cleaning up released neurotransmitter
reuptake
enzymatic breakdown
best known transmittersand their best known locations/functions
acetylcholine (ACh)
norepinephrine (NE)
dopamine (DA)
serotonin (5HT)
gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)
glutamate
endorphins or opioid
peptides
multiple types of receptors for each neurotransmitter
examples of drug actions on neurotransmitters
agonist action
antagonist action