What
is meant by lateralization of function?
the anatomy and function of the corpus callosum, the largest
"commissure"
review
the relationship between the right & left visual fields and
the 2 hemispheres
review
the relationship between the right & left hemispheres and
the sensations from and movements of the body
What is a seizure? When do seizures qualify as epilepsy?
2
main categories of epilepsy (primary vs secondary) and their
causes
generalized
vs focal seizures
why cutting the corpus callosum would be expected to limit the spread of focal seizures
How
are split brain patients tested by researchers?
What kinds of results from split brain research support the
notion of lateralization?
What functions each hemisphere is dominant for (make a detailed list for each)
Give
an example of competition between the hemispheres after surgery
Besides
studying split brain patients, how else have researchers learned
about right hemisphere/left hemisphere differences?
What is the relationship between handedness and lateralization?
What
is the planum temporale? What right/left differences have been
noted here?
Name, locate and explain the function of the various parts of
the language system of the brain
What is aphasia?
What happens if the frontal lobe portion of the language system
is damaged and what are the symptoms? What is this called?
What happens if the temporal lobe portion of the language system
is damaged and what are the symptoms? What is this called?
What kinds of research have
explored language like abilities in other species?
Which species seem to show
aspects of language function - give some specific examples.
Sexual Differentiation
describe the relationship of the hypothalamus to
the anterior pituitary (how does it control or send messages to
the anterior pituitary?)
draw the chain of command (hypothalamus, anterior
pituitary, ovaries or testes and write in what kind of hormones
are released at each level (related to sexuality). Draw in the
feedback loop as well. What actually provides the feedback
signal?
How does a sex chromosome play a role in the very
first step of sexual differentiation? (be specific) What is the
gene called?
Beyond that first step, what has the strongest
influence on the remainder of sexual differentiation? (be
specific)
What is meant when we say sex hormones have
ORGANIZING/developmental effects?
describe how one comes to have either male (wolffian) and/or
female (mullerian) ducts
what is mullerian inhibiting hormone?
describe how one comes to have either male or
female genitalia (or something in between)
what is dihydrotestosterone?
what do we mean by a sensitive period (or critical
period)?
can you predict the effects of alterations in the
early hormone environment (e.g. giving females androgens,
removing androgens from males, giving huge doses of estrogens)
by what mechanism does testosterone appear to
"masculinize" the brain of rats (and probably some other species
too)
What is the aromatization theory? what is the role
of alpha-fetoprotein (in this situation)
what is the sexually dimorphic nucleus? what is
the analagous structure in humans?
give several behavioral and anatomical examples of
how "sexual" differentiation affects more than sexual behavior
and orientation (
other things besides sex that seem to be influenced by early
hormone environment)
contrast "activational" effects (when they most
often occur, how lasting they are) with
organizational/developmental effects
what is likely to happen to sexual differentation
(and what might happen in terms of gender identity later on) is
these cases?
XY male with a mutated or missing SRY gene
XX female who receive a SRY gene through a
crossing over in here father's genetic material
XY male who lacks the gene which produces androgen
receptors
XX female who is exposed to somewhat higher than
normal levels of androgens in utero
XX female who is exposed to very high levels of
androgens in utero
XX female who is exposed to abnormally high levels
of estrogens in utero
XY male with a defective gene for the enzyme
5-alpha-reductase
what biological factors would continue to
influence the gender identity/behavior of the male child raised
as a female after accidental removal of penis during
circumcision?
what research findings support a role for each of
the following in homosexual orientation:
genetics
early hormone (but not adult hormone) levels
stress during gestation
having older brothers
brain differences