Chapter 9
How do we move
through the stages of sleep during a typical night of sleep?
How is NREM
sleep different from REM sleep?
What parts of
the brain are involved in maintaining wakefulness/alertness?
What neurotransmitters are involved in keeping you awake?
What neurotransmitters are involved in
making you sleepy?
Why,
specifically does caffeine keep you awake and do some
anti-histamines make you sleepy?
What are the
characteristics of each of these sleep disorders:
REM behavior
disorder
Narcolepsy
Sleep-walking
Night terrors
Sleep apnea
What are some of
the types of insomnia and possible physiological correlates
(e.g. why might someone have “onset insomnia”?)
What are the 2
main theories about why we sleep?
2 theories about
REM sleep?
What is a
free-running rhythm? How do they differ in characteristics from
the rhythms seen under normal conditions?
What is a zeitgeber?
What is the
research evidence about the location of the circadian biological
clock?
Describe 2
biological mechanisms by which the functioning of this
biological clock may make us sleepy?
What stimulus is
most effective in resetting the biological clock?
Describe at
least 2 ways that you can “encourage” the resetting of your
biological clock if, for example, you were going to
Characteristics of sound waves
Parts of ear
Structure of
cochlea and the hair cells in the organ of Corti on the basilar
membrane
What triggers
the electrical responses of the hair cells
Stops along the
auditory pathway to cortex (superior olives, inferior
colliculus, medial geniculate of thalamus)
How having 2
ears helps in sound localization
Organization of
auditory cortex
2 types of
deafness
Cochlear
implants and how they work
The sensory
organs and receptors of the vestibular system and what they
respond to
Dermatomes of
the skin
pain receptors
and what irritates (activates) them
Neurotransmitters
related
to pain
The gate theory
(or gate control theory)
What is phantom limb pain and how may it
be related to re-organization of the sensory homoculus
What is the descending pain suppression
pathway?
The
characteristics and types of taste receptors
Individual
differences in taste sensitivity
The difference
between experiencing taste and experiencing flavor
Location and
characteristics of olfactory receptors
What is anosmia (and specific anosmias)?
What is a
pheromone? Example in animals? Example in humans?
Chapter 6
The
characteristics of light waves
The parts of the
eye
The structure of
the retina
The differences
between rods and cones
3 heories of
color vision and where each seems to apply
the basis for
color blindness/deficiency
The route taken
by visual messages through brain
What is the
difference between the “dorsal stream” and the “ventral stream”?
Damage to
different parts of the visual pathways can lead to different
losses of visual ability? What happens in each of these cases?
Primary visual cortex totally damaged
Inferior temporal cortex/fusiform gyrus
damaged
Middle temporal cortex damaged
Other terms:
Astigmatism
Macular
degeneration
Types of agnosia
Chapter 16
What is meant by lateralization of function?
the anatomy and function of the corpus callosum
review the relationship between the right & left visual fields and the 2 hemispheres
What is a seizure? When do seizures qualify as epilepsy?
2 main types or categories of epilepsy and their causes
why cutting the corpus callosum would be expected to limit the spread of focal seizures
How are split brain patients tested by
researchers?
What kinds of results from split brain research support the
notion of lateralization?
What functions each hemisphere is dominant for (make a detailed list for each)
Give an example or 2 of competition between the hemispheres after surgery
What is the relationship between handedness and lateralization?
What is the planum temporale? What right
left differences have been noted here?
Name, locate and explain the function of the various parts of
the language system of the brain
What happens if the frontal lobe portion of the language system
is damaged and what are the symptoms?
What happens if the temporal lobe portion of the system is
damaged and what are the symptoms?