Between 1880-1900, American Psychology Exploded

Economic Influences on Psychology

World Wars Increased Psychologists

Intelligence Testing

College President’s Son

Experimented with drugs

Influenced by Galton

Started Psych Journals

Left Columbia because of unpopular war opinions

Mental tests

Simon and Binet

Terman

Army Alpha/ Army Beta

Racial Differences in Intelligence

Clinical Psychology

First Psychology Clinic

Educational Psychology

Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955)

Hawthorne Study

Forensic Psychology

Psychotherapy

Industrial Psychology

Controversial Figure

Chapter 8:  Applied Psychology and the Legacy of Functionalism

I..  Toward a Practical Psychology

            A.  The Expansion of American Psychology

            B.  Economic Influences on Applied Psychology

II.  Mental Testing

III.  James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944)

            Mental Tests:  Tests of skills and sensory capacities; intelligence tests use more complex measures of mental abilities.

IV.  The Psychological Testing Movement

            A.  Binet, Terman and the IQ test

            B.  WWI and Group testing

            C.  Ideas from Medicine and Engineering

            D.  Racial Differences in Intelligence

            E.  Contributions of Women to the Testing Movement

V.  The Clinical Psychology Movement

            Lightner Witmer (1857-1956)

            A.  Clinics for Child Evaluation

            B.  The Profession of Clinical Psychology

VI.  The Industrial organizational Psychology Movement

            Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955)

            Advertising and Human Suggestibility

            B.  Employee Selection

            C.  The Impact of the World Wars

            D.  The Hawthorne Studies and Organizational Issues

            E.  Contributions of Women to Organizational Psychology

VII.  Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916)

            A.  Forensic Psychology and Eyewitness testimony

            B.  Psychotherapy

            C.  Industrial psychology

VIII.  Applied Psychology in the United States: A National Mania

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

What do you like in psychology?

People rarely like neurology, psychophysics, etc.

What people are more interested in is how we can apply psychology

American psychologists like the British Psychologists because there was an application of what they researched and what they were doing at the time.

Structuralism ----> Functionalism ----> Applied Psychology

In 1880, within 20 years in 1900 the Us went from 1 psychology lab to 40ish (the US was much more advanced than Germany).

In 1893, psychology made an appearance at Chicago

            Psychophysical Exhibits

Psychology took off in the US

A lot of PhD.'s were earned in Psychology. Thus, it was hard to find jobs in the field. People had to be very creative to stick out from all the others.

Students enjoyed their psychology classes in the 1900's, but colleges were reluctant to add to this subject since they were already advanced

            There was a zeitgeist for psychology at this time

JAMES MCKEEN CATTELL (1860-1944)

Son of a College President

Graduated College

Went to Europe and ended up studying with Wundt

A philosopher

A druggy: experimented with marijuana, morphine, tobacco, caffeine, chocolate, etc. and then reported how they made him feel. He stated that he thought he came up with brilliant ideas while under the influence, yet he was afraid he wouldn't remember them in the morning.

After studying with Wundt, he went to J. Hopkins and then back to Germany once again, then back to the US (with a side trip to England)

Stated he was smarter than all others, he was full of himself, and a jerk

Taught Wundt how to type and studied individual differences (not necessarily under Wundt)

Met Galton in England

Galton said Cattell should look at individual differences between people and find a way to SHOW these differences

Cattell was the first to use quantitative methods to describe research

            He used graphs and displays to show his data because he sucked at math

Cattell stated that delinquents and defectives should be sterilized

Eugenics came into play

Cattell was very outspoken

            At Columbia University for 26 years

            Considered dismissing him several times because he was very disagreeable

            He believed that professors should not mingle with their students

                        He lived 40 miles away from campus

            Was let go from Columbia University

            Sued Columbia University for libel and got $40,000 out of the deal

Started various journals

Started a company called the Psychological Corporation which is still going today

 His Claim to Fame:

            Like to make mental tests on sensory measurements, pressure, etc. He administered these tests to his students at Pennsylvania.

Cattell hypothesized that sensory data is related to academic performance. This was untrue, so he gave up on this idea.

ALFRED BINET AND THEOPHILE SIMON

Argued with the idea that sensory tests are related to academic intelligence

Binet used his own children as his subjects for sensory testing

            His children scored just about the same as adults

With cognitive tests, children didn’t score the same as adults

Binet and Simon were asked to make a test/ figure out which children need special education

            Came up with 30 questions and decided to look at children’s mental age

Mental Age should be similar to your chronological age

IQ= ( mental age/ chronological age ) * 100

            The mean is 100

IQ is not done this way now, because to maintain a high IQ you will need to hit your limit. For example, if you are 4 with a MA=8, at 8 your MA should be 16. This is unrealistic.

TURMAN

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

Given credit for giving a meaning to the words intelligence quotient

GODDARD

Used Stanford-Binet in NJ

Came up with the term moron (IQ= 50-69)

                                     Imbecile (IQ= 30-49)

                                     Idiot (IQ=29 or below)

These terms remained popular until the 1970’s

IQ tests took about 2 hours to complete. It was impossible to test a large sum of people in this way.

Multiple Choice Tests came about to test people of WWI to see who could do what.

            Army Alpha and Army Beta: the first tests of abilities given by multiple choice to a lot of people. Army Alpha was an English Spoken version, and Army Beta was for the illiterate or those who could not speak English. These individuals did not score as well and thus “confirmed that they are not bright”

The US Education Systems soon became structured around multiple choice exams.

1921: Thomas Edison made up a test to assess intelligence.

Too much testing came about and it became unrealistic. The tests were questioned as to if they are actually testing what they are supposed to. After this, medical terminology was used as well as people had to be trained in order to administer these tests. Eugenics came into play once again.

Racial Difference in Intelligence

            Goddard was called to take a look at immigrants of Alice Island. He gave all immigrants IQ tests with the help of a translator. Many failed, yet the Northern Europeans did well.

Intelligence testing can be useful, yet also misused.

BOND

A black man who did a study: stated that African Americans in the Northern US were more intelligent that Whites in the Southern US.

October 11, 2007

FLORENCE GOODNOUGH

Nonverbal mental tests for children, came up with the "draw a man test."

THURSTONE

Studied primary mental abilities. 

PSYCHE CATTELL (CATTELL’S DAUGHTER)

extended the age range of the Stanford Binet to as young as 3 months. Helped to modify the intelligence scale.

ANNE ANASTASI

an authority on intelligence testing, a president of the APA (this is the woman Rowena sent for information about, and received an empty envelope- who knows, that might be on the test)

THE ACCIDENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

WITMER

Got an assistantship in psychology while in college, although it wasn't his major- became a psychologist after that. Founder of clinical psychology. Founded the first psychology clinic in America. Studied educational psychology as well. 

WALTER DILL SCOTT (1869-1955)

Wanted to be a missionary in China, but denied (China was full!)- studied psychology instead. One of the first to study industrial/organizational psychology. Studied advertising and human susceptibility to advertisements, as well as employee selection. Very into efficiency. Used data from the World Wars to aid in employee selection, ex.) to help select fighter pilots. We use much of the information he found in IO psychology today.

Hawthorne Study (Scott)- named after power plant. Found that efficiency increases when workers were observed because they felt noticed, that people were taking an interest in them and their needs, so they wanted to work harder. 

HUGO MUNSTERBERG  (1863-1916)

Flattered into coming to the U.S. to study psychology. He was the "Dr. Phil" of his day- very well known, yet hated because he was German. Studied forensic psychology and psychotherapy, as well as some industrial psychology. He was a controversial figure, for example during the prohibition he used a grant from a beer company to study the effects of alcohol, and he concluded that alcohol could be good for you.