For each of the following, specify the independent, dependent, and control variables. Tell whether you would do a within- (and give counterbalancing scheme) or between- (and give participant assignment scheme) participants experiment and why.

1. A cleanser manufacturer is interested in the effects of package color on the sales of Scrubbo super cleanser. Cartons of Scrubbo that are identical except for the background color of the label (maroon, pink, or aqua) will be prepared. Sales will be monitored for the next four months.

2. A researcher is interested in the effects of perspective taking (as a personality variable) and whether a person is alone or with an unresponsive confederate on helping behavior in three situations—answering a ringing telephone, answering a knock at the door, and investigating a call for help.

3. A child psychologist wants to determine the effects of cloth versus paper diapers on toilet training. Day-old infants will be used to begin the project. The age at which diapers are no longer needed (to the nearest week) will be determined.

4. Dr. Hardluck is doing a brainstorming study in which he wants to see if three individuals will come up with more or fewer ideas than three people working together. He is also interested in whether there are more categories of ideas generated for people working alone versus together.

5. A researcher wants to see which is easier to learn: hard-to-pronounce syllables (such as WMH, JBT, SJK) or easy-to-pronounce syllables (such as LEF, NAM, HEK). Two lists, containing either 20 pronounceable syllables or 20 hard-to-pronounce syllables, will be prepared. Each element in a list will be shown for two seconds. At the end of the series, the participants will try to write down the syllables from memory.