Study Guide for Test 3

 

Chapter 14

 

 

Be familiar with APA style for writing a paper. Be able to identify the parts of an empirical article vs. a literature review. Understand what purpose each part serves and what it includes.

Ø      Title/cover page- What are the things to keep in mind to have a good title? What are the know what is running head

 

Ø      Abstract- What should an abstract include, how long?

 

Ø      Page numbers, heading, subheaders, order citation

 

Ø      Methods section-The different subsections, when you would have a materials/ apparatus section

 

Ø      Results section- where will you have the tables and Figures? Figures follow tables- each on a separate page.

 

Ø      Discussion

 

Ø      References- order of citation, which articles would you cite?

 

Ø      Author notes, footnotes

 

Chapter 12

 

Know briefly the history of the animal rights movement, for example: Singer’s Animal Liberation book, the reasons for the decline in animal research, and the public and psychologists’ opinions on it.

 

 

 

 

Describe the difference between reformers and liberators:

             

 

 

List and describe two points of view that suggest that animals should never or rarely be used in research:

1.

 

2.

 

 

What principles do these points of view involve and what do they mean?

 

 

 

 

Describe the scientific use of animals perspective and counterarguments to animal rights activists.

 

 

 

 

 

What are five APA guidelines for animal research?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

 

 

What two factors need to be balanced in research?

1.

2.

 

Know about the following terms regarding the history of research ethics.

  1. Nazi research
  2. Nuremberg code
  3. Tuskeegee Study
  4. Human Radiation Experiments
  5. Jewish Hospital Chronic Disease
  6. Willowbrook study
  7. Belmont report
  8. Gene therapy death
  9. Office of human research protections

 

Understand the following terms regarding the APA guidelines for research ethics—what are they, why are they, what do they do, etc.

  1. Institutional Review Board
  2. Informed consent
  3. Freedom to withdraw
  4. Deception
  5. Debriefing
  6. Confidentiality
  7. Aftercare
  8. Removing harmful consequences

 

 

List and describe 4 drug guidelines for research.

1.

2.

3.

4.

 

Understand other ethical issues discussed:

-withholding benefits from controls

-ethical issues in how research is used

-issues with representation

-failure to conduct research

-fraud.

 

If a child is participating in research, what is the protocol for consent?

 

 

What is the purpose of an IRB? Who are its members?

 

 

What is speciesism?

 

 

What are the basic elements/issues involved in the Milgram and “bathroom” studies discussed in the in-class debates?

 

 

 

 

Chapter 7

What are the differences between psychophysical and psychometric scales? Give examples. What are their advantages and disadvantages?

 

 

 

 

What is the IAT? What are some advantages/disadvantages of this test? What type of scale is it (psychophysical or psychometric)?

 

 

 

 

Know the difference between the two psychophysical measures (absolute and difference thresholds) and how and when they would be calculated.

 

 

 

What is a Thurstone scale? (how to create it, recognize it, score it, evaluate it, interpret the evaluation) 

 

 

 

List advantages of Thurstone scale.

 

 

List disadvantages of Thurstone Scale.

 

 

What is a Guttman Scale? (its other name, how to create it, recognize it, score it, evaluate it, interpret the evaluation) 

 

 

 

List advantages of Guttman Scale.

 

 

List disadvantages of Guttman Scale.

 

 

What is a Likert Rating Scale? (its other name, how to create it, recognize it, score it, evaluate it, interpret the evaluation) 

 

 

List advantages of Likert Rating Scale.

 

 

List disadvantages of Likert Rating Scale.

 

 

What is reliability?  What is validity?  Can you have one without the other?

 

 

 

 

 What is a “true score”?

 

 

 

Define and understand the following types of reliability. (why they are important, how to calculate them, what you want the scores to be)

1.Test-retest

2. Alternate Forms (or parallel forms)

3. Internal Consistency

            -Split Half

            -Odd-Even

            -Item Total

4. Statistical reliability

 

Define and understand the following types of validity. (why they are important, how to calculate them)

1.Criterion Related Validity

            -Predictive

            -Concurrent

 

2. Construct Validity

            -Face validity

            -Convergent validity

            -Divergent validity

            -Known groups validity

 

What are some problems with construct validity? How can they be dealt with?

 

 

 

What are the 4 criteria on which scales are evaluated?

 

 

 

 

What is internal validity? How can it be increased?

 

 

 

What is external validity? How can it be increased?  

 

 

 

Know some ways to increase reliability and validity.

 

 

What are some problems with self-report methods?

 

 

What is Weber’s law? 

 

 

What is power with respect to statistical reliability?

 

 

What are theoretical constructs?


 

Chapters 8 & 9

 

Describe the difference between between-participants and within-participants designs.

 

 

List advantages of between-participants designs.

 

 

List disadvantages of between-participants designs.

 

 

Describe the process of matching and its problems.

 

 

Understand why attrition is problematic.

 

 

When should you use between-participants designs?

 

 

List advantages of within-participants designs.

 

 

List disadvantages of within-participants designs.

 

 

 

Describe the issue of carryover effects, when they occur, and what causes them (3 main reasons):

 

 

 

When should you use within-participants designs?

 

 

What is the difference between a control group and a control condition?

 

 

 

Define baseline.

 

 

Understand what counterbalancing (vs. complete counterbalancing) is and how to use it

 

 

Understand what the Latin-square design (vs. balanced Latin square) is and how to use it.

 

 

Know what a mixed design is.

 

 

Know what a factorial design is (name it, how many conditions there would be, how many people are required for the study, how many people in each condition, how many main effects and interactions are possible)

 

 

 

 

Define and understand the following types of independent variables.

  1. Participant
  2. Straightforward manipulations
  3. Staged manipulations

 

List advantages/ disadvantages of each. Which involve deception? Which are likely to be within vs. between participants?

 

 

 

Define and understand the following types of dependent variables.

  1. Behavioral
  2. Self- report
  3. Physiological

 

 

List the advantages/ disadvantages of each.

 

 

 

Be able to understand and list reasons for getting null results. What can you do to prevent some of these problems (e.g., manipulation checks, pilot studies)?

 

 

 

Be able to tell why you would want more than one IV or DV.

 

 

 

Be able to pick out design flaws in studies. (Also be able to pick out IVs, DVs, confounds, etc.)

 

 

 

What is the sleeper effect?

 

 

 

What is a discounting cue?

 

 

 

Be able to pick out confounds (not just problems, but confounds) in a study.

 

 

What is a main effect? What is an interaction? How many main effects and interactions can a study have? How many does it have to have?

 

 

 

Know how to properly identify main effects and interactions in written descriptions, tables, and graphs.

 

 

 

 

REMEMBER TO KNOW MATERIAL FROM BOOK CHAPTERS, TOO! Chapters 7, 8, 9, 12, 14