Study Guide For Test 2
Chapter 4
ü Explain how the following terms relate to sampling.
-Population:
-Sampling Frame:
-Sample:
ü Describe how polling companies do national surveys.
ü What is a problem with modern random digit dialing methods of polling and how is it likely to bias samples?
ü When it is important to have a representative sample and when it is not as important?
ü How can you get a representative sample? What things can mess up the representativeness of your sample?
ü Define probability sampling and list the three types.
1.
2.
3.
ü Define nonprobability sampling and list the three types
1.
2.
3.
Be able to explain when and why you would use each type of sampling.
ü List and explain briefly 4 types of research
1.
2.
3.
4.
ü List 2 advantages of observation
1.
2.
ü List 4 disadvantages of observation
1.
2.
3.
4.
ü What is inter-rater reliability (or interobserver reliability), how do you calculate it, and why does it matter?
ü List and describe the 5 steps in conducting an observation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ü What two criteria should observational categories have? They should be ______________ and _________________.
ü Why complete an observational study…
-instead of an experiment:
-instead of a survey:
ü Explain the difference between systematic and ethological observation.
ü Explain the following types of observation
1. Participant:
Covert:
Overt:
2. Non-participant:
3. Case Studies (and deviant case analyses):
4. Indirect or archival (and content analysis):
Be able to give specific advantages and disadvantages of each.
ü Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the following types of surveys. Be able to identify each.
- Cross-sectional:
-Longitudinal trend:
-Longitudinal panel:
-Cross-sequential:
ü List some advantages of using surveys.
ü List some disadvantages of using surveys.
ü What are some methods used on surveys to avoid potential problems with response styles such as acquiescence, deviance, social desirability, and the “good subject role”?
ü What is the volunteer problem? How can it be minimized?
ü What are some advantages and disadvantages of these various survey modes: mail, phone, face-to-face, and internet?
ü Know how to figure out the best survey mode to use based on type of sampling used, type of population, question format, question content, and response rate needed.
Chapter 5
ü What are the three things to pay attention to when looking at a correlation coefficient (r) (the 3 parts of one).
1.
2.
3.
ü Explain the phrase “correlation does not equal causation”
ü What is considered a “significant result” in psychology?
ü What is the third variable problem?
ü List and explain three things that can bias correlations and tell how they bias them (e.g., in what direction).
1.
2.
3.
ü Know how to interpret correlations using r, raw data, or scatter plots.
ü Know the range of correlations.
ü Explain what a cross-lagged correlation is and how it can be used to suggest causes.
ü What kind of information do path analysis and structural equation modeling give us?
ü Identify some of the issues with question wording in surveys (what some problems are).
Chapter 6
ü Know the function of an experiment and its qualities
ü Understand Mill’s argument for inferring causality
ü Distinguish between:
ü -Control Variables (CVs)
ü -Independent Variables (IVs)
ü -Dependent Variables (DVs)
ü -Confounds
ü Distinguish between experimental groups and control groups
ü
List advantages of experimentation
ü List disadvantages of experimentation
ü Know about and be able to distinguish the three types of control you can have in studies.
ü Understand the following:
§ -Realism: (external validity or similarity to real world settings? Can you realistically manipulate variables?)
§
-Reactivity: (the
§ -Role: (good, faithful, negativistic, and apprehensive subject roles and bias by experimental roles)
ü Identify techniques for overcoming some of the limitations brought by the unique disadvantages.
ü -Realism by….
ü -Reactivity by…
ü -Role by…
ü Understand what experimenter bias is and ways to reduce it.
ü Understand the relationship between simulated and actual experiments and what that information gives you.
ü Know how to increase generalizability in studies
ü Know how to pick out design flaws in studies (experimental and nonexperimental).
ü Know what ceiling and floor effects are and how they can affect results.
Chapter 14 (not responsible for parts of an empirical
article or other parts of the chapter not mentioned below—those will be on the
next test)
ü What does it mean for your paper to be in hourglass form?
ü What does it mean to pay attention to your audience when writing your paper?
ü Be familiar with APA style for writing a paper (title page, page numbers, heading, subheadings, order citation) and for writing a reference.
ü Understand how to use topic sentences and transitions in your paper.
Be familiar with APA style for writing a paper. Be able to identify the parts of a literature review. Understand what purpose each part serves and what it includes.
Ø Title/cover page- What are the things to keep in mind to have a good title? What is the format of this page?
Ø Abstract- What should an abstract include, how long should it be?
Ø Page numbers, heading, subheaders, order citation
Ø References- order of citation, which articles would you cite?
Understand elements of APA style (book).
Understand and be able to apply the information from class on writing
Ø What is plagiarism and ways to avoid plagiarizing
Ø Active vs. passive voice
Ø Use of because vs. since, that vs. which vs. who, who vs. whom, effect vs. affect.
Ø Parallel sentences and phrases
Ø Other writing issues covered in class
** Don’t forget to read the chapters;
you are responsible for what is in the book in Chapters 4, 5, 6, and 14 in
Elmes et al. and Chapters 4 (how to do basic article and book references—you
don’t need to memorize how to do every odd type) in the APA manual!!!
Chapter 4
-Demand
characteristics -
-Descriptive Observations -Motivated forgetting
-Ecological Function -Response styles
-Ethogram -unobtrusive observations/measures
-Ethology
-Forced-Choice Test
Chapter 5
-Relational Research
-Ex Post Facto
-Contingency Table
-X² test for independence
-Proximate & ultimate causes
Chapter 6
-floor and ceiling effects
-ecological validity
-interaction
-joint method of agreement and disagreement
-setting, participant, and variable representativeness
-simulated experiment
-null result
Chapter 14