Autism and Evidence
This is all (100%) of hits under a query for articles about autism and mercury or autism and heavy metals.
This count was referenced in our recent publication http://www.ane.pl/pdf/7021.pdf
The research can not be interpreted as suggesting that no evidence exists for a link between autism and
heavy metal toxins. Our count suggests there are about four times as many empirical articles supporting a
link as not. If someone wanted to count the articles differently here and there, the ratio might be closer to
twice as many favoring a link (see end of table). Whether the ratio is twice as many or four times as many,
or nearly equal -- it is untrue to say that evidence rejects a link.
Evidence supports a link.
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PubMed Search “Autism and mercury OR autism and heavy metals” |
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Empirical data report defined as author analysis of raw data. Relevant defined as: Limited to human; English research article abstract; compared to symptom change or controls; heavy metal or metabolism. Scholarly articles non- empirical: reviews, statements, opinions, letters, research synthesis and such. Animal data not used. |
* Indicates equivocal or required rater discussion |
Bonus Our Current count including animal data With Ip et al., 2004 and Soden et al., 2007 recoded |
Would you code some differently? Put your own analysis here and do a count: (all 173 pubmed hits as of June 2010 are listed with link to pub med. |
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titles are linked, click on title: |
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Supports |
Against |
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An evaluation of surrogate chemical exposure measures and autism prevalence in Texas. Lewandowski TA, Bartell SM, Yager JW, Levin L. |
Against 1 |
0 |
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Blood mercury concentrations in CHARGE Study children with and without autism. Hertz-Picciotto I, et al. |
Against 2 |
0 |
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Anti-metallothionein IgG and levels of metallothionein in autistic families. Russo AF. |
Against. - 3 |
0 |
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Schechter R, Grether J |
Against - 4 |
0 |
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Early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes at 7 to 10 years. Thompson WW, et al.
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Against – 5 |
0 |
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Lack of association between Rh status, Rh immune globulin in pregnancy and autism. Miles JH, Takahashi TN.
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Against – 6 |
0 |
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Soden SE, Lowry JA, Garrison CB, Wasserman GS. |
Against – 7 |
1 This research is fraught with methodological and statistical errors. Raw data supports. |
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Singh VK, Hanson J.
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Against – 8 |
0 |
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Mercury exposure in children with autistic spectrum disorder: case-control study. Ip P, Wong V, Ho M, Lee J, Wong W. |
Against - 9 |
1 Erratum and related articles document the data reported here were incorrect. Actual data supports. |
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Andrews N, Miller E, Grant A, Stowe J, Osborne V, Taylor B.
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Against - 10 . |
0 |
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Singh VK, Rivas WH. |
Against – 11 |
0 |
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Verstraeten T, et al. |
Against – 12 debatable. * Some differences were found in outcomes, but overall against. |
0 |
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Madsen KM, at al. |
Against - 13 |
0 |
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Autism and thimerosal-containing vaccines: lack of consistent evidence for an association. Stehr-Green P, Tull P, Stellfeld M, Mortenson PB, Simpson D. |
Against - 14 |
0 |
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Minerals in the hair and nutrient intake of autistic children. Shearer TR, Larson K, Neuschwander J, Gedney B. |
Against - 15 |
0 |
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Porphyrinuria in Korean children with autism: correlation with oxidative stress. Youn SI, Jin SH, Kim SH, Lim S. |
Supports 1 |
1 |
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Mercury induces inflammatory mediator release from human mast cells. Kempuraj D, et al. |
Supports 2 |
1 |
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Kern JK, Geier DA, Adams JB, Geier MR.
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Supports 3 |
1 |
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Geier DA, Kern JK, Geier MR |
Supports 4 |
1 |
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Correlations Between Gene Expression and Mercury Levels in Blood of Boys With and Without Autism. Stamova B, et al. |
Supports 5 |
1 |
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Adams JB, et al. |
Supports 6 |
1 |
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Adams JB, et al. |
Supports 7 |
1 |
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Phenotypic expression of autoimmune autistic disorder (AAD): a major subset of autism. Singh VK. |
Supports 8* debatable |
1 |
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Yorbik O, Kurt I, Haşimi A, Oztürk O. |
Supports9 |
1 |
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A prospective study of prenatal mercury exposure from maternal dental amalgams and autism severity. Geier DA, Kern JK, Geier MR. |
Supports10 |
1 |
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The plasma zinc/serum copper ratio as a biomarker in children with autism spectrum disorders. Faber S, Zinn GM, Kern JC 2nd, Kingston HM. |
Supports11 |
1 |
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A reply to Soden et al.: your data shows autistic children have higher levels of heavy metals. DeSoto MC. |
Supports 12 |
1 |
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Biomarkers of environmental toxicity and susceptibility in autism. Geier DA, Kern JK, Garver CR, Adams JB, Audhya T, Nataf R, Geier MR.
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Supports13 |
1 |
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An investigation of porphyrinuria in Australian children with autism. Austin DW, Shandley K.
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Supports14 |
1 |
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A prospective study of transsulfuration biomarkers in autistic disorders. Geier DA, Kern JK, Garver CR, Adams JB, Audhya T, Geier MR.
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Supports15 |
1 |
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Young HA, Geier DA, Geier MR.
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Supports16 |
1 |
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Geier DA, Mumper E, Gladfelter B, Coleman L, Geier MR.
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Supports17 |
1 |
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Proximity to point sources of environmental mercury release as a predictor of autism prevalence. Palmer RF, Blanchard S, Wood R.
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Supports18 |
1 |
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Blood levels of mercury are related to diagnosis of autism: a reanalysis of an important data set. Desoto MC, Hitlan RT.
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Supports19 |
1 |
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A prospective study of mercury toxicity biomarkers in autistic spectrum disorders. Geier DA, Geier MR.
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Supports. 20 |
1 |
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Geier DA, Geier MR.
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Supports.21 |
1 |
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Mercury, lead, and zinc in baby teeth of children with autism versus controls. Adams JB, Romdalvik J, Ramanujam VM, Legator MS.
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Supports. 22 |
1 |
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Geier DA, Geier MR.
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Supports.23 |
1 |
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Sulfhydryl-reactive metals in autism. Kern JK, Grannemann BD, Trivedi MH, Adams JB.
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Supports.24 |
1 |
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Children with autism: effect of iron supplementation on sleep and ferritin. Dosman CF, et al.
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Empirical. * Supports 25 Iron levels differ and predict comm., disorders. Receptor coupling with levels different in cases Deemed more supportive than not and met pre-stated criteria. |
1 |
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A clinical trial of combined anti-androgen and anti-heavy metal therapy in autistic disorders. Geier DA, Geier MR.
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Supports.26 |
1 |
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Geier DA, Geier MR.
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Supports27 |
1 |
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Windham GC, Zhang L, Gunier R, Croen LA, Grether JK.
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Supports28 |
1 |
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Walker SJ, Segal J, Aschner M.
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Empirical* debatable. Supportive. *29 |
1 |
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Porphyrinuria in childhood autistic disorder: implications for environmental toxicity. Nataf R, Skorupka C, Amet L, Lam A, Springbett A, Lathe R.
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Supports.30 |
1 |
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Geier DA, Geier MR.
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Supports.31 |
1 |
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Palmer RF, Blanchard S, Stein Z, Mandell D, Miller C.
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Support. 32 |
1 |
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Toxic trace elements in the hair of children with autism. Fido A, Al-Saad S.
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Supports 33 |
1 |
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Geier DA, Geier MR.
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Supports 34 |
1 |
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Geier DA, Geier MR. |
Supports 35 |
1 |
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Geier DA, Geier MR. |
Support.36 |
1 |
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Vojdani A, Pangborn JB, Vojdani E, Cooper EL. |
Supports 37 |
1 |
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An assessment of the impact of thimerosal on childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. Geier DA, Geier MR. |
Supports 38 |
1 |
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Reduced levels of mercury in first baby haircuts of autistic children. Holmes AS, Blaxill MF, Haley BE. |
Supports 39 |
1 |
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Treatment of autism spectrum children with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide: a pilot study. Lonsdale D, Shamberger RJ, Audhya T. |
Supports 40 |
1 |
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Eppright TD, Sanfacon JA, Horwitz EA. |
Supports 41 |
1 |
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Trace element concentrations in hair from autistic children. Wecker L, Miller SB, Cochran SR, Dugger DL, Johnson WD.
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Supports 42 |
1 |
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Pica and elevated blood lead level in autistic and atypical children. Cohen DJ, Johnson WT, Caparulo BK. |
Supports. 43 |
1 |
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List of Empirical studies that were search hits but judged not relevant to meet criteria follows: |
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Systemic oxidative stress in classic Rett syndrome. De Felice C, et al.
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Empirical * supportive of autism like syndrome relating to oxidative stress. |
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A problem with her lead weight. Newton KE, Leonard M, Delves HT, Bowen-Jones D. |
Case Study of lead poisoning in a person with autism. |
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Pediatric fatality secondary to EDTA chelation. Baxter AJ, Krenzelok EP.
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Case Study, n=1. Chelation death due to being given wrong substance |
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Van der Linde AA, Pillen S, Gerrits GP, Bouwes Bavinck JN. |
Case Study of effect of Chelation causing rash syndrome. |
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Discerning the Mauve factor, Part 2. McGinnis WR, Audhya T, Walsh WJ, Jackson JA, McLaren-Howard J, Lewis A, Lauda PH, Bibus DM, Jurnak F, Lietha R, Hoffer A.
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Coded as review* has some analysis. Overall, broadly supportive of oxidative stress with behavior, but doesn’t meet criteria. Supportive. |
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Plasma zinc, copper, and amino acid levels in the blood of autistic children. Jackson MJ, Garrod PJ. |
Empirical* Does not meet criteria for measure of ASD (symptoms or control) |
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Children's environmental health: one year in a pediatric environmental health specialty unit. Shannon M, Woolf A, Goldman R. |
Empirical. Describes patients and workings of a clinic that specializes in environmental health. |
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Overview: the epidemiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Yeargin-Allsopp M, Boyle C. |
Empirical. Does not meet criteria of measuring metals. |
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Study of inborn errors of metabolism in urine from patients with unexplained mental retardation. Sempere A, et al. |
Empirical*A few persons with MR and ASD have EOM. Supportive, but judged to not meet criteria. |
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If empirical research with human data, every effort made to make judgment judge as support or against hypothesis that heavy metal exposures and/or the body’s handling of relates to ASD. Only a few such could not be agreed upon and counted.—they are noted above. FYI the rest of the sum of the 173 articles pubmed hits to search “mercury and autism or mercury and heavy metals” as of July 2010 are listed below with LINK (click on title). |
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Bradstreet JJ, Smith S, Baral M, Rossignol DA. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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What causes autism? Exploring the environmental contribution. Landrigan PJ. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Herbert MR. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Dufault R, et al. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Are neuropathological conditions relevant to ethylmercury exposure? Aschner M, Ceccatelli S. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Kinney DK, Barch DH, Chayka B, Napoleon S, Munir KM. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Margolis FS |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Blaylock RL. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Re: Biomarkers of environmental toxicity and susceptibility in autism. Martin BJ. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Are toxic biometals destroying your children's future? Drum DA. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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The rise in autism and the mercury myth. Scahill L, Bearss K
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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A possible central mechanism in autism spectrum disorders, part 2: immunoexcitotoxicity. Blaylock RL. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Immune-glutamatergic dysfunction as a central mechanism of the autism spectrum disorders. Blaylock RL, Strunecka A. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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A comprehensive review of mercury provoked autism. Geier DA, King PG, Sykes LK, Geier MR. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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[Substitutive and dietetic approaches in childhood autistic disorder: interests and limits] Hjiej H, Doyen C, Couprie C, Kaye K, Contejean Y. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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The history of vaccinations in the light of the autism epidemic. Cave SF. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Brain development: anatomy, connectivity, adaptive plasticity, and toxicity. Kalia M. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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A never ending saga: the mercury and autism articles by Ip et al. Brumback RA. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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A review of recent reports on autism: 1000 studies published in 2007. Hughes JR. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Mercury, vaccines, and autism, revisited. Silbergeld EK.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Aschner M. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Discerning the Mauve Factor, Part 1. McGinnis et al |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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[Amalgam risk assessment with coverage of references up to 2005] Mutter J, Naumann J, Walach H, Daschner F. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Curtis LT, Patel K. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Mercury, vaccines, and autism: one controversy, three histories. Baker JP. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Muñoz M A, et al. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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[Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals] Labie D. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Autism and environmental influences: review and commentary. Bello SC. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Hughes V.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Thimerosal: updated statement. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Mutter J, Naumann J, Guethlin C. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis. |
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Román GC. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Mercury exposure and public health. Clifton JC 2nd.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Environmental evaluation of a child with developmental disability. Hussain J, Woolf AD, Sandel M, Shannon MW. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Evidence of toxicity, oxidative stress, and neuronal insult in autism. Kern JK, Jones AM.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Hughes V.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Aschner M, Syversen T, Souza DO, Rocha JB. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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van den Hazel P, et al. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Balancing individual rights versus collective good in public health enforcement. Blum JD, Talib N |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Vaccines and the changing epidemiology of autism. Taylor B. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Environmental mercury contamination in China: sources and impacts. Zhang L, Wong MH.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis. |
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Are mercury amalgam fillings safe for children? An evaluation of recent research results. Rode D. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Immunological findings in autism. Cohly HH, Panja A.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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When science is not enough - a risk/benefit profile of thiomersal [SIC]-containing vaccines. Clements CJ, McIntyre PB. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Parker SK, Schwartz B, Todd J, Pickering LK |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Lewandowski TA. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Mercury and autism: accelerating evidence? Mutter J, Naumann J, Schneider R, Walach H, Haley B. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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von Mühlendahl KE |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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A mercurial debate over autism. [No authors listed]
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Pictures of autism in the American cinema] Matusevich M, Matusevich D. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Geier MR, Geier DA. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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The impact of mercury on human health and the environment. Hyman MH. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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OM report: no link between vaccines and autism. Meadows M |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Weisser K, Bauer K, Volkers P, Keller-Stanislawski B. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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But what about mercury in vaccinations? Bateson T.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Hessel L
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Thimerosal and autism? A plausible hypothesis that should not be dismissed. Blaxill MF, Redwood L, Bernard S. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Mercury exposure and child development outcomes. Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Weiss B. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Immunization myths and realities: responding to arguments against immunization. MacIntyre CR, Leask J. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Palomo T, Beninger RJ, Kostrzewa RM, Archer T. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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.Childhood autism: a circuit syndrome? Lee DA, Lopez-Alberola R, Bhattacharjee M |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Fitzpatrick M |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. Wakefield AJ. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Nelson KB, Bauman ML. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis. |
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Vaccines, viruses, and voodoo. Borchers AT, Keen CL, Shoenfeld Y, Silva J Jr, Gershwin ME |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Autism, an extreme challenge to integrative medicine. Part 2: medical management. Kidd PM. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Vaccine adverse events: separating myth from reality. Kimmel SR. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Immunization and children at risk for autism. Roberts W, Harford M.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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The role of mercury in the pathogenesis of autism. Bernard S, Enayati A, Roger H, Binstock T, Redwood L. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Bigham M, Copes R, Srour L. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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New centers to focus on autism and other developmental disorders. Wakefield J. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Mercury and autistic gut disease. McGinnis WR. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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The neuropathogenesis of mercury toxicity. Aschner M, Walker SJ. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Rice D, Barone S Jr. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Probiotics as an adjuvant to detoxification protocols. Brudnak MA. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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[No authors listed] |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Cerebral blood flow imaging in paediatrics: a review. Gordon I. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Autism: a novel form of mercury poisoning. Bernard S, Enayati A, Redwood L, Roger H, Binstock T. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Carneiro AM et al. |
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Empirical. Animal. serotonin study. Not relevant |
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Vaccines and autism: evidence does not support a causal association. DeStefano F.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Deoni SC, Catani M. |
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Empirical. Not relevant |
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Low-level chronic mercury exposure in children and adolescents: meta-analysis. Ng DK, Chan CH, Soo MT, Lee RS. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis * meta analysis inclusion debated |
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Dosman CF, et al. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis *debated. No original data or analysis was apparent. |
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The safety of dental amalgam in children. Martin MD, Woods JS. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Geier DA, Geier MR. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis * Meta Analysis inclusion was debated |
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Vaccine criticism on the World Wide Web. Zimmerman RK, et al. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Being on the track of thimerosal. Review. Mádi A. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase and copper in autistic patients. Tórsdóttir G, Hreidarsson S, Kristinsson J, Snaedal J, Jóhannesson T. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Baby hair, mercury toxicity and autism. Grether J, Croen L, Theis C, Blaxill M, Haley B, Holmes A. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Autism caused by dental amalgam? Osborne JW, Summitt J. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Concerns continue over mercury and autism. Blaxill MF. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Blood lead in autistic children. Cohen DJ, Paul R, Anderson GM, Harcherik DF.
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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[Characteristic aspects of child psychiatry in Japan] Murata T. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Micronutrient accumulation and depletion in schizophrenia, epilepsy, autism and Parkinson's disease? Johnson S. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Berman RF, Pessah IN, Mouton PR, Mav D, Harry J. |
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Empirical Against. Animal data. 0
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Montgomery KS, et al. |
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Empirical Supports. Animal Data
1 |
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Induction of metallothionein in mouse cerebellum and cerebrum with low-dose thimerosal injection. Minami T, Miyata E, Sakamoto Y, Yamazaki H, Ichida S. |
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Empirical Supports, Animal Data 1 |
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Hunter JW, et al. |
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Empirical Supports. Non human Data 1 |
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Geier DA, Kern JK, Geier MR. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Age-dependent lower or higher levels of hair mercury in autistic children than in healthy controls. Majewska MD, Urbanowicz E, Rok-Bujko P, Namyslowska I, Mierzejewski P. |
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Empirical. Supports 1 |
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Blood mercury levels in autism spectrum disorder: is there a threshold level? Geier DA, Audhya T, Kern JK, Geier MR. |
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Empirical. Supports 1 |
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Schultz ST. |
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Opinion/Review No research abstract No Data / Analysis |
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Sorting out the spinning of autism: heavy metals and the question of incidence. Desoto MC, Hitlan RT. |
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Review with raw data analysis. 1 |
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Toxicity Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Blinded Study of Urinary Porphyrins. Kern JK, Geier DA, Adams JB, Mehta JA, Grannemann BD, Geier MR. |
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Empirical. Supports. 1 |
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Lakshmi Priya MD, Geetha A. |
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Empirical. Supports 1 |
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Urinary Porphyrin Excretion in Neurotypical and Autistic Children. Woods JS, et al
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Empirical * Debatable. Overall judged more supportive than not of different mercury handling. 1 |
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PUT YOUR OWN TOTALS HERE: |
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| 4:1 |
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The empirical data is somewhere between 2:1 and 4:1 favoring link. |
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Our Current Count |
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for |
against |
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spring |
43 |
13 |
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animal |
3 |
1 |
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new |
6 |
0 |
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SUM |
52 |
14 |
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| 2:1 |
Count debatable articles as 'against' |
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woods |
change |
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for |
against |
singh |
change |
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|
spring |
40 |
22 |
dosman |
change |
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|
animal |
3 |
1 |
walker |
change |
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|
new |
5 |
1 |
ip |
count |
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|
soden |
count |
|||||
| SUM |
48 |
24 |
jackson |
add |
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yeargin allsopp |
add |
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jackson |
add |
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and one more for good measure |
add |
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