Biography

Sam Lankford is the Director of the Sustainable Tourism and the Environment Program at UNI (www.uni.edu/step). He has a Ph.D. in from the University of Oregon , where he specialized in tourism planning and development. He also holds a Master of Urban and Regional Planning degree from the from the University of Oregon . He holds a Master of Arts in Recreation and Park Planning and a BA in Geography from CSU-Chico. Sam Lankford has been a practicing planner in both staff and consulting roles in California , Oregon , Washington , Iowa , and Hawaii . He has conducted planning, needs assessments, community impact studies, carrying capacity studies, and market research in those states and other countries. He specializes in tourism and recreation development.

Education

Ph.D. University of Oregon, Leisure Studies & Services (1991)

Major: Tourism & Recreation Planning; Minor: Public Policy & Management

MUP University of Oregon, Urban & Regional Planning, (1987)

Major: Community & Economic Development; Minor: Tourism & Recreation Planning

MA. California State University at Chico Recreation & Parks Management, (1981)

Major: Park & Resource Planning; Minor: Community & Regional Planning;

BA. California State University at Chico, Geography, Minor: Recreation & Parks Management (1979)

Selected Publications (Books)

• Edginton, C., Hudson , S., & Lankford, S. (2001). Productive Management of Leisure Service

Organizations: A 21 st Century Perspective. 2 nd ed. Sagamore Publishing. pp. 496.

• Mitra, A. & Lankford, S.V. (1999). Research Methods in Park, Recreation and Leisure Services . Champaign-Urbana, IL : Sagamore Publishing. Pp. 334.

• Lankford, S. V. (1996). Tourism and Crime: A Study of Perceptions in the Pacific Northwest . In A.

• Pizam and Y. Mansfeld (Eds.) Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues . New York : John Wiley & Sons. pp. 51-58.

• Lankford, S. V., Knowles-Lankford, J., & Povey, D. (1996). Instilling Community Confidence and Commitment in Tourism: Community Participation and Public Participation in Government. Camp, Oregon . In L. Harrison and W. Husbands (Eds.). Practicing Responsible Tourism:

International Case Studies in Tourism Planning, Policy, and Development. New York : John

Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 330-349.

Selected Publications (Journal Articles)

• Cela, A., Kowalski, C., & Lankford, S. (2006). Spectators' Characteristics and Economic Impact of Local Sports Events: A Case Study of Cedar Valley Moonlight Classic Soccer Tournament. World Leisure, 3 (48), 45-53.

• Inui, Y., Wheeler, D., & Lankford, S. (2006) Rethinking Tourism Education: What Should Schools Teach? Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education. 5 (2), pp. 25-35.

• Lankford, S., Dieser, R., & Walker, G. (2005). Self-construal and Pilgrimage Travel.

Annals of Tourism Research. 32 (3), pp. 802-804.

• Lankford, S., Pfister, R., Knowles, J., & Williams, A. (2003) An exploratory study of the

impacts of tourism on resident outdoor recreation experiences. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration Special Issue on Sustainable Places. 21 (4), pp. 30-49.

• Lankford, S. (2001). A Comment Concerning: Developing and Testing a Tourism Impact Scale. Journal of Travel Research . 39 (3), pp. 315-316.

• Lankford, S, Szabo, C., Lagree, I. , & Neal, L. (2000). Arctic Winter Games: A Study of the Benefits of Participation. Journal of the International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport, and Dance. 36 (4), pp. 50-54.

• Knowles-Lankford, J, & Lankford, S. (2000). Tourism and Sustainability - Can They Be Partners? Journal of the World Leisure Association. 42 (2), pp. 4-10.

• Williams, A., Lankford, S., & DeGraaf, D. (1999). How Managers Perceive Factors that Impact Employee Motivation: An Application of Pathfinder Analysis . Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 17 (2), pp. 84-106.

• Willams, A., Lankford, S. (1999). Service Learning: You Can Get There From Here.

Schole. 14, pp. 37-54.

• Schnieder, I. , Lankford, S.V., & Oguchi, T. (1997). Cross-cultural Equivalency of the TIAS: Summary Results. Annals of Tourism Reseach. 24 (4), pp. 1994-998.

• Lankford, S. V., Williams, A. & Knowles, J. (1997). Perceptions of Outdoor Recreation Opportunities and Support for Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research. 35 (3), pp. 65-69.

• Little, J.R., Lankford, S.V., DeGraaf, D., & Tashiro, A. (1995 - Released 1997). An Exploratory Study of Issues and Trends in Therapeutic Recreation Organizations: A Practitioner Perspective. Journal of Applied Recreation Research. pp. 20 (4), pp. 269-282.

• Lankford, S., Buxton, B., Hetzler, R., and Little, J. (1995) Response Bias and Wave Analysis of Mailed Questionnaires in Tourism Impact Assessments. Journal of Travel Research. 33 (2), pp. 8-13.

• Lankford, S., & Knowles-Lankford, J. (1995). Impacts of Tourism in the Republic of China 's Penghu National Scenic Area. In McCool, S.F. & Watson, A.E. (eds). Linking tourism, the environment, and sustainability . Proceedings of a special session of the annual meeting of the National Recreation and Parks Association; 1994 Oct. 12-14; Minneapolis, MN . Gen. Tech. Rep. INT- GTR-323. Ogden , UT : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station.

• Knowles-Lankford, J., & Lankford, S. (1995). Sustainable Practices: Implications for Tourism and Recreation Development. In McCool, S.F. & Watson, A.E. (eds). Linking tourism, the environment, and sustainability . Proceedings of a special session of the annual meeting of the National Recreation and Parks Association; 1994 Oct. 12-14; Minneapolis , MN . Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-323. Ogden, UT : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station.

• Lankford, S. (1994). Attitudes and Perceptions Toward Tourism and Rural Regional Development. Journal of Travel Research 32 (3), pp. 35-43.

• Lankford, S. & Howard, D. (1994). Revisiting TIAS. Annals of Tourism Research. 21 (4), pp. 829- 831.

• Lankford, S., Chen, S. Y., Chen, W. (1994). Tourism 's Impact in the Penghu National Scenic Area, Tourism Management, 15 (3), pp. 222-227.

• Lankford, S. and Howard, D. (1994). Developing a Tourism Impact Attitude Scale Annals of Tourism Research, 21 (1), pp. 121-139.

• Lankford, S. (1993). Barriers to Recreation Participation for Individuals & Families. Journal of Recreation & Leisure, 13 (1), pp. 57-65.

• Lankford, S., Neal, L., and Buxton, B.P. (1992). An Examination and Comparison of Work

Motivators in Public, Private/Commercial, Nonprofit, and Armed Forces Leisure Service

Organizations. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration. 10 (4), pp. 57-70.

• Lankford, S. and DeGraff, D. (1992). Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats in Morale, Welfare and Recreation. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration. 10 (1), pp. 31-45.

• Howard, D. R., Lankford, S. V., & Havitz, M. (1992). A Comment Concerning 'A Method for Authenticating Pleasure Travel Expenditures.' " Journal of Travel Research, 30 (4), pp. 68-69.

• Howard, D. R., Havitz, M. A., Lankford, S.,& Dimanche, F.A. (1992). Panel Survey Assessment of Elapsed Time Response Error in Travel Spending Measurement. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 1 (1), pp. 39-50.

• Buxton, B. P., Lankford, S. V., Gieck, J. H. (1992). Motivational Congruency and Discrepancy of Hawaiian Athletic Trainers. Journal of Athletic Training 27 (4),pp. 326-333.

• Buxton, B. P., Lankford, S. V., Noda, L. (1992) Motivational Congruency and Discrepancy Between Certified Athletic Trainers and Non-Certified Student Athletic Trainers in the State of Hawaii. Journal of Athletic Training 27 (4),pp. 320-324.

• Howard, D. R., Lankford, S., & Havitz, M. (1991). A Method for Authenticating Pleasure Travel Expenditures. Journal of Travel Research, 29 (4), pp. 19-23.

• Edginton, C. R., Madrigal, B., Lankford, S., & Wheeler, D. (1990) Perceptions of Organizational Goals: A Study of Oregon Park and Recreation Directors and Board/Advisory Perceptions, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 8 (2) pp. 70-84.

Selected Abstracts and Proceedings

• Lankford, S., Scholl, K., Pfister, R., Lankford, J., & Williams, A. Cognitive Mapping: An Application for Trail Management. Proceedings of the 2004 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. GTR-NE-326., pp. 378-384.

• Dieser, R., Lankford, S., & Walker , G. Self-construal and Pilgrimage Travel. Abstracts of the 2003 Symposium on Leisure Research, NRPA. (Refereed). p. 2.

• Criste, A., Lankford, S., Edginton, C., Wilson, J., & Stringer, A. Leisure Constraints in an Isolated Island Environment. Abstracts of the 2003 Symposium on Leisure Research, NRPA . (Refereed). p. 19.

• Lankford, S., Lankford, J., Meyers, D., Okata, Y., Schweitzer, A., & Tokuue, H. Future Tourism

Development in Hawaii : An Analysis of Visitor, Resident, Industry and Conservation Group

Preferences. Abstracts of the 2002 Symposium on Leisure Research, NRPA. (Refereed)

• Lankford, S., Lankford, J., & Tabata, R. Haunama Bay ¡V Loving it to Death ¡V Crying for Help . Abstracts of the 2002 National Extension Tourism Conference. September 17, 2002.

• Lankford, S., & Edginton, C. (2002). Wellness, Leisure and Enhancing the Quality of Life . 44 th ICHPER World Congress, Taipei, Taiwan, June 26-29, 2002. pp. 120.

• Lankford, S., Williams, A. E., Pfister, R., Norman, W. & Knowles-Lankford, J. An Exploratory Study of the Impacts of Tourism on Outdoor Recreation Experiences. Abstracts of the 2001

Symposium on Leisure Research, NRPA. (Refereed)

• Kodama, S., Kimura, I. , Lankford, S., and Murata, N. (2001). Status of Athletic Health Care in

Hawaii 's High Schools. Supplement to the Journal of Athletic Training. 36 (2), S-81.

• Lankford, S., Knowles-Lankford, J., & Williams, E. Outdoor Recreation Opportunities and Tourism: A Cross Cultural Stakeholder Analysis. Abstracts of the 2000 Symposium on Leisure Research, NRPA. (Refereed)

• Williams, A.E., & Lankford, S. (2000). Assessing Hikers Perceptions of Trails and Trail Conditions: An Application of Cognitive Mapping. Abstracts of the 2000 Symposium on Leisure Research, NRPA. (Refereed)

• Jiang, J., & Lankford, S. (2000). Gender Differences in Personal Value Systems of U.S.

Tourists. Abstracts of the 6 th World Leisure Congress, Bilbao, Spain.

• Lankford, S., & Knowles-Lankford, J. (2000). Tourism & Sustainability: A Talk Story Session.

Abstracts of the 6 th World Leisure Congress, Bilbao, Spain.

• Lankford, S., Edginton, C., & Anderson, M. (2000). A Study of Leisure Constraints and

Behaviors in Relation to Youth Delinquency. Abstracts of the 6 th World Leisure Congress,

Bilbao, Spain.

Selected Technical Reports and Studies

• Sustainability of Coastal/Marine Recreation: Modeling Social Carrying Capacity for Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . (2005). NOAA Project #R/FM-8. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-0P-02-00. pp. 77.

• Sustainability of Coastal/Marine Recreation: Modeling Social Carrying Capacity for Hanauma Bay , Hawaii . (2005). NOAA Project #R/FM-8. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-0P-02-001. pp. 103.

Organizational Study, Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area. (2005). SSNHA, Waterloo, IA. Pp. 22.

• Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area Economic Impact and Visitor Report . (2003-2004). SSNHA, Waterloo, IA. Pp. 57.

• City of Humboldt Parks and Recreation Master Plan (2005), Humboldt, IA. pp. 48.

• City of Humboldt, IA Community Recreation Needs Assessment. (2004). Waterloo.

• Convention & Visitors Bureau Advertising Conversion Study. (2004). Waterloo, IA. Pp. 56.

• Cedar Falls Tourism & Visitors Bureau Advertising Conversion Study, (2004).Cedar Falls , IA. Pp. 56.

•Visitor Characteristics and Marketing Study , (2004). Cedar Rapids Area Convention and Visitors Bureau, Cedar Rapids, IA.

• Recreation Needs Study, (2003-2004). Submitted to the Municipal and Community Affairs Dept., Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NWT.

• Community Benefits of the Arctic Winter Games, (2003). Submitted to the Municipal and

Community Affairs Dept., Northwest Territories and the Arctic Winter Games International

Committee Board of Directors for the AWG's Nunavut & Nuuk Greenland.

• Community Benefits of the Arctic Winter Games, (Fall 2000). Submitted to the Municipal and

Community Affairs Dept., Northwest Territories and the Arctic Winter Games

International Committee Board of Directors for the AWG's Whitehorse.

Professional Experience

• Professor, Graduate Program Chair, and Director of the Sustainable Tourism and the Environment Program (STEP), Division of Leisure, Youth & Human Services, School of HPELS , University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls , IA , 2001 - current. Associate Professor 2001-2002. Professor 2002-current.

• Endowed Lecturer, Bill W. Lane Lecturer, Professor and Coordinator, Sustainable Tourism and the Environment Program (STEP) (1999-200) and Affiliate Graduate Faculty (1994-2001), School of Travel Industry Management, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI.

Program Coordinator and Professor (1999-2001), Associate Professor (1995-1999), Assistant Professor (1991-1994, Recreation & Leisure Science Degree Program, and

Graduate Program Chair (2000-2001), Department of Kinesiology & Leisure Science,

University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 1991 - 2001 (1999 - 2001, .50FTE).

• Division Coordinator & Associate Professor, Division of Leisure, Youth & Human

Services, School of HPELS , University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, 1998-1999.

(on leave from Univ. of Hawaii ).

• Faculty, World Leisure Recreation Association International Center of Excellence, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands, 1995 - current.

• Director, WLRA Professional Services (WPS). 1996-current Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Leisure Studies & Services, University of Oregon, 1991-1992.

• Instructor, Department of Leisure Studies and Services (.50 FTE), Urban and Regional Planning Program, Department of Planning, Public Policy & Management (.50 FTE), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 1988-1991.

• Director, Undergraduate Community Planning Workshop Program, Department of Planning, Public Policy and Management, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 1988-1991.

• Consulting Planner, Planning Associates/Sustainable Futures, Chico, CA., Eugene, OR., Honolulu, HI 1979-present.

• Associate Management Consultant, Walker , Edginton, Webster & Associates, 1987-1991.

Project Coordinator, Camp Adventure R University of Oregon and the United States Naval Station Morale, Welfare and Recreation, Yokosuka, Japan (6/88-8/88 & 6/90-8/90 and the Marine Corps MWR, Okinawa, Japan 6/90-8/90; the United States Naval Station Morale, Welfare and Recreation, Long Beach, California 6/89-8/89.

• Project Coordinator, Government Camp Economic Development Program, Community Planning Workshop, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 1987-1989.

• Assistant to the Local Governmental Affairs Coordinator, Eugene Water and Electric Board, Eugene, Oregon, 1985-1987.

• Youth Services Program Director, Recreation Services Operation Korea (RSOK), 8th U.S. Army, Seoul, South Korea, 1982-1984.

• Staff Planner, Tehama County Local Agency Formation Commission, Red Bluff, California,

1979-1981.

• Consulting City Planner, City of Corning, California, 1980-1981.

• Interim Planner, City of Bishop, California, 1979.

Reserach Interests

My research focuses on the impacts of tourism on local communities. I have developed a survey monitoring system (TIAS) that is used by numerous communities to identify the issues resident populations have with tourism and tourism development, to include environmental, economic, social, cultural issues. My focus is on sustainable tourism practices, and the practical application of these concepts (management, planning, and development practices). Other interests include the planning, management and delivery of municipal leisure services in rural and isolated communities.